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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 126(12): 1447-54, dic. 1998. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-243741

ABSTRACT

Background: Fragile X syndrome is the most important cause of sex linked mental retardation and the second of chromosomal origin, after Down syndrome. Aim: To apply the modified Hagerman score to patients with mental retardation and to relate clinical findings with cytogenetic and molecular diagnosis. Patients and methods: The modified Hagerman score was applied to 214 male and 86 female patients with mental retardation. The clinical variables in non fragile X and fragile X cases, determined by molecular and cytogenetic methods, were compared. Results: The score in 210 non fragile X males was 10.5 + 3.7 (range 3 23), compared to 21.4 + 2.1 (range 19 to 23) in the four fragile X patients. All fragile X patients had mental retardation, attention deficits, hyperactivity disorders, hand biting and poor visual contact. Hand biting, flapping and persevering speech were observed in a significantly higher number of fragile X males. Only one of 86 females had fragile X syndrome. Her most relevant findings were a long face and high forehead, an attention deficit, hyperactivity and poor visual contact. No clinical differences with other mentally retarded females were found. Condusions: Approximately 5 percent of institutionalized males with mental retardation have a fragile X syndrome


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/etiology , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Genetic Techniques
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 126(8): 911-8, ago. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232936

ABSTRACT

Background: Fragile X syndrome is the most freqent cause of mental retardation linked to the X chromosome. In the majority of cases, the mutation responsible for the syndrome is an expansion of the trinucleotide repeat (CGG)n, present in the 5' region of exon 1 of the gene for mental retardation associated with fragile X syndrome (FMR-1). Aim: To report the results of a fragile X screening in patients with mental retardation. Patients and methods: Fragile X screening using polymerase chain reaction methods was done in 386 X chromosomes from 300 patients (214 male), aged 4 to 26 years old. The modified Hagerman test was applied to male patients. Hybridization techniques were applied in a subgroup of 51 patients. Results: (CGG)n 30 was the allele found with the highest frequency in 50.2percent of patients. (CGG)n 29 was found in 29percent of patients. One subject had an allele with 46 CGG repeats, which corresponds to the gray zone. Hybridization studies were highly concordant with PCR, detecting four males with fragile X syndrome and a carrier female. The average clinical score of mental retardation not due to fragile X syndrome was 10.3 ñ 3.4 (range 3 to 23), and 97percent of males had a score below 19. The concordance between scores over 20 and molecular genotype was 98percent. Conclusions: The distribution of (CGG)n repeats, observed in this study, was significantly different to that previously reported for a normal Chilean population. The dispersion of molecular status and clinical score was lower than previously described using cytogenetic techniques


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Adult , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Molecular Epidemiology , Alleles , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(7): 865-72, jul. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-174916

ABSTRACT

The fragile X syndrome is the most frequent cause of sexlinked mental retardation. In the majority of the cases the mutation responsible for the Martin Bell syndrome is produced when an expansion of the (CGG)n repetition is present in the region 5' of the exón 1 of the gene for X-fragile mental retardation 1 (FMR1), together with a hipermethylation in the CpG promoter region of the gene. The result of this situation is the absence of the FMRP protein coded by the gene. The correlation between length of the (CGG)n sequences and the X-fragile phenotype has permitted a more precise diagnosis of affected and carrier individuals by means of direct DNA analysis. Neverthless the molecular genetic basis of the instability and expansion of the (CGG)n sequences represents a problem not yet resolved. Two morphologic microsatellite (AC)n repetitions, FRAXAC1 and FRAXAC2 that flanck the FMR-1 gene have been recently described. It has been suggested that some haplotypes of FRAXAC1 and FRAXAC2 could be associated to long (CGG)n repetitions and thet these haplotypes would confer more instability to the repeated fragment thus increasing the probability of expansion. It has also been described that the (CGG)n repetition of the FMR-1 gene is interrupted by AGG trinucleotides and that the loss of one AGG would be an important mutational event in the generation of predisposing unstable alleles of the X-fragile syndrome


Subject(s)
Humans , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Heterozygote , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Genetic Markers/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis
4.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 66(1): 36-9, ene.-feb. 1995. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-164931

ABSTRACT

El síndrome del cromosoma X-frágil es la causa más frecuente de retardo mental hereditario en el varón y se asocia a un marcador citogenético ubicado en la banda Xq 27.3 (FRAXA) del cromosoma X. Durante muchos años el diagnostico estuvo basado en la identificación citogenética del marcador; sin embargo, este método no ha resultado confiable para el diagnóstico prenatal y la detección de portadores masculinos o femeninos clínicamente normales. El descubrimiento de las bases moleculares de este síndrome ha permitido desarrollar sondas que posibilitan la identificación confiable de los afectados y los portadores por análisis directo del ADN. Se describen los resultados de un estudio clínico, citogenético y molecular en la familia de una probando X frágil. En el afectado un varón de 2 años 4 meses con retraso mental y dismorfias se comprobó un sitio X frágil, pero su madre y una tía no tenían signos clínicos y sitio frágil. El análisis molecular mostró, en el paciente, una banda de 6,5 Kb, que indicaba la presencia de la mutación causal, mientras la madre exhibía dos bandas, una de 5,2 y otra de 6,0 Kb, que la identifican como heterocigota. En contraste, la tía presentó una sola banda de 5,2 Kb característica de los individuos normales


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Adult , Cytogenetics/methods , Nuclear Family , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , DNA/genetics , Genetic Linkage/genetics , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Karyotyping , Genetic Markers/genetics , Molecular Probe Techniques , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , X Chromosome/genetics
5.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 65(2): 117-20, mar.-abr. 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-140479

ABSTRACT

Se describen las características clínicas y de laboratorio de una niña con dismorfia cráneofacial, retardo psicomotor, epilepsia, síndrome neurológico, unido a malformaciones menores y mayores, lo que hace sospechar la presencia una alteración cromosómica. El estudio de su cariotipo en sangre periférica, reveló la existencia de un anillo cromosómico derivado de un cromosoma 14


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/physiology , Ring Chromosomes , Karyotyping/methods , Case-Control Studies , Congenital Abnormalities , Skull/abnormalities , Epilepsy , Facial Bones/abnormalities , Neurologic Manifestations , Psychomotor Disorders
6.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 59(3): 203-6, 1994. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-143931

ABSTRACT

Se presentan dos casos de recién nacidos con alteraciones compatibles con el síndrome de bridas amnióticas. El primero presenta posturas viciosas de extremidades inferiores y mutilaciones de las superiores, además de labio leporino complicado. El segundo caso corresponde a una brida facionucal que practicamente separa la boca del resto de la cara. A la luz de ambos casos se hace una revisión crítica de las teorías etiológicas planteadas en la literatura


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Amniotic Band Syndrome/etiology , Abnormalities, Multiple/etiology , Fetal Development , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/complications , Amniotic Band Syndrome/diagnosis , Amniotic Band Syndrome/physiopathology
7.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 58(1): 27-36, 1993. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119879

ABSTRACT

Se estudió 24 varones de edad promedio 29,4 años, derivados de diferentes Centros de Infertilidad con el diagnóstico de infertilidad conyugal de etiología atribuible al factor masculino. Se descartaron pacientes portadores de causas conocidas de teratospermia. A todos los pacientes se les requirió 3 espermiogramas según normas dadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, detallando el porcentaje de cada forma espermática. El estudio genético consistió en una anamnesis dirigida a su historia reproductiva y el examen físico buscando estigmas genéticos. A partir de cultivo de linfocitos se determinó el cariotipo a cada paciente utilizando técnicas citogenéticas de rutina. Al analizar el resultado del cariotipo se obtiene que el 91,7% de los pacientes se rotuló normal para sexo masculino. Dentro de este grupo (20,8%) se observó aumento aparente de asociaciones entre cromosomas acrocéntricos. En el 8,3% restante se describe dos pacientes portadores de un polimorfismo en el tamaño del cromosoma Y. No fue posible establecer una relación entre porcentaje total de teratospermia y alteraciones cromosómicas. Al relacionar cada forma anómala del espermatozoide con presencia de anormalidad cromosómica, se obtiene por el test de correlación Spearman positividad para la forma piriforme (rs=0,46p<0,03) y al aplicar regresión múltiple se encontró significación para igual forma (r=0,53, p<0,05)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Infertility, Male/genetics , Lymphocytes/cytology , Spermatozoa/abnormalities , Chromosome Banding/methods , Cytogenetics/methods , Teratogens/isolation & purification
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